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Some other species obtain oxygen by thrusting their spiracles into the aerenchyma of aquatic plants. This habit occurs in larval Donacia (Coleoptera) and Chrysogaster (Diptera), and larvae and pupae of Notiphila (Diptera) and the mosquito Mansonia. With the exception of Mansonia, all of these species live in mud containing very little free oxygen. The functional spiracles are at the tip of a sharp-pointed post-abdominal siphon in larval forms (Fig. 17.23), and on the anterior thoracic horns of the pupae. For most aquatic insects obtaining their oxygen from the air, however, periodic visits to the surface of the water are necessary to renew the gases in the tracheal system. Problems facing all insects that come to the surface are those of breaking the surface film and of preventing the entry of water into the spiracles when they submerge. The ease with which this is accomplished depends on the surface properties of the cuticle and, in particular, on its resistance to wetting. When a liquid rests on a solid or

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phagostimulatory

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[مهندسی کشاورزی]

Lycoriella ingenua

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deployment

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Elytra

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Entomologie

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